Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829492949ENEnvironmental Health Department, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090204Introduction: A high portion of lead and copper concentration in municipal drinking water is related to the metallic structure of the distribution system and facets. The corrosive water in pipes and facets cause dissolution of the metals such as Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, Fe and Mn into the water. Due to the lack of research work in this area, a study of the trace metals were performed in the drinking water distribution system in Zarin Shahr and Mobareke of Isfahan province. Methods: Based on the united states Environmental protection Agency (USEPA) for the cities over than 50,000 population such as Zarin Shahr and Mobareke, 30 water samples from home facets with the minimum 6 hours retention time of water in pipes, were collected. Lead and cadmium concentration were determined using flameless Atomic Absorption. Cupper, Zinc, Iron and Manganese were determined using Atomic Absorption. Results: The average concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn, Fe and Mn in water distribution system fo Zarin Shahr were 5.7, 0.1, 80, 3042, 23065 and in Mobareke were 7.83, 0.8,210,3100, 253, 17µg respectively. The cocentration of Pb, Cd and Zn were zero at the beginning of the water samples from the municipal drinking water distribution system for both cities. Conclusion: The study showed that the corrosion by products (such as Pb, Cd and Zn) was the results of dissolution of the galvanized pipes and brass facets. Lead concentration in over that 10 percent of the water samples in zarin shahr exceeded the drinking water standard level, which emphasize the evaluation and control of corrosion in drinking water distribution systems.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2949

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829502950ENNeurosurgery Department School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090204<font><font color="#555555"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Tahoma">This article reports the outcome of a series of patients who received surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation during a 5 year period in Kashani hospital. Three operative procedures were used for discectomy: unilateral interlaminar bilateral interlaminar and bilateral laminectomy. An objective method of assessing outcome that would not depend on the procedures, the prolo functional-economic outcome rating scale used to evaluate patients. Most patients had good outcome. The patient with non-industrial injuries had better had good outcome. The patient with non-industrial injuries had better outcome. The prolo scale appears to be a useful tool for comparing different procedures more objectively and for comparing the outcome across series.</span></font></font>http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2950

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829512951EN2003092820090204Introduction: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetic disease, which is caused by deficiency in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme. Untreated patients will develop a severe mental retardation, which is irreversible. In this study, the incidence of the PKU disease among isolated mentally retarded residents in institutions in Isfahan, was investigated. Methods: A total number of 1541 patients were involved in the study. Of the patients studied, 611 with no known reason for their mental retardation were chosen for blood sampling. Blood samples were collected on filter papers and examined by Gutheri bacterial inhibition assay (GBIA), which is specific for PKU In patients with positive test, the serum phenylalanine was quatitavely analyzed using high pressure liquid chromatography, HPLC. Results: Among the patients examined, 33 were found positive. Quantitative analysis of phenylalanine allowed classification of the patients, indicating 600 with classical, 36% with moderate, and 3% with mild type of PKU Furthermore; it was found that in 68% of the cases, parents are third grade relative. Discussion: The results obtained in this screening study indicated that 2.1% of the patients in the institutions for mentally related in Isfahan suffered from PKU The incidence of the disease is relatively high compare to the reports from other countries. Since, a large number of patients (68%) are the results of consanguineous marriages, this kind of marriage could be considered as one of the important factors involved in the prevalence of PKU in Isfahan.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2951

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829522952EN2003092820090204Introduction: Cryptosporidium is a parasite from coccidian order and one of the most common causes of diarrhea in the world, which can lead to a severe and prolonged disease in immunodeficient patients. There is a discrepancy regarding the prevalence rate of this parastie in different studies in our country patients on dialysis are usually prone to infectious disease especially those caused by opportunistic organisms. We studied the prevalence rate of the cryptosporidium infection in a group of patients on dialysis who were considered to have acquired immunodeficiency. Methods: This is a descriptive analytic study which included 104 dialyzed patients on dialysis in Al-zahra, shariati and Ali-asghar hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Between January 2001 and October 2001. Cases were chosen according to convenience sampling standards. They were all tested for cryptosporidium infection. Test results in the case group were then compared with the rate of cryptosporidium infection. In the control group which included 91 healthy household family members of the patients in the case group and 140 healthy people from the society. At least two samples were collected from every subject on two different occasions. To detect cryptosporidium oocytes, modified acid-fast technique we used. Results: 12 (11/5%) out of the 104 cases were proved infected by cryptosporidium. This figure dropped to 3.9% in control group respectively. Based on X2 test, rate of infection for the case group was considerably greater than for the control group Infection in the case group didn't show any significant relation with such factors as sex, age and duration of dialysis, history if kidney transplantation and history of immunosuppressive drugs consumption. The rate of infection peaked in diabetic cases (19.4%), while compared with non- diabetic ones (8.3%) (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed that the prevalence rare of cryptosporidium infection in dialyzed patients was considerably higer than general population. The results were fully correspondent with those of other surveys on immunocompromized patients. Neither Our study nor the similar previously conducted ones revealed no significant association between age and sex and cryptosporidium infection. We couldn't show any relation between the rate of infection and duration of dialysis. This difference is likely due to either limited number of cases or a lack of proportional increase in susceptibility to infection atter a certain period of dialysis. Finally we found out that the rate of infection in dialyzed diabetic patients was extra ordinarily higher, which could be the product of acquired immunodeficiency of diabetes.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2952

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829532953ENDepartment of Surgery School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090204ncisional Hernia is a complication after any abdominal incision. During 10 years we have done 25 incision Hernia repair by mersilen mesh and full abdominoplasty. The Hospital stay was 3-5 days, and has followed the patients for 3 months to 10 years. There was no recurrence, infection, fat emboli or other complication during this period. All the patients were satistitied frame their abdominal shape and surgical scar we advice this technique as an effective and simple method for repairing of incision hernia especially for recurrence.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2953

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829542954ENSchool of Health, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran2003092820090204Introduction: Approximately one third of all the reported pregnancies in Iran and one fourth of them in the Sistan and Baluchistan province are unwanted. Finding its causes can help to detect problem solving ways. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and reasons of unwanted pregnancies. 560 women in 1999 who had referred to health and medical centers of Zahedan completed a questionnaire with interviews. Results: The result showed that 145 cases (25.6%) had unwanted pregnancies in ghose 415,3% and 565 were unwanted from the viewpoint of mother, father and both, respectively. 80% of them were used contraceptive of which 56% out of them was misused. They said, having enough children and short birth spacing were reasons that they interpreted their pregnancies as unwanted. They mentioned that essential causes of not using of contraceptives were breast-feeding and supposing that they could not become pregnant. 31% of them attempted to abortion. Prevalence of unwanted pregnancies had not related to religion and nationality. A higher rate of unwanted pregnancies was seen among illiterate women, their illiterate husband, higher age and having more children. Discussion: It can be concluded that women during breast-feeding and before menopause because of not using and misusing of contraceptive are subject to high risk of unwanted pregnancies. They must be considered as educational goal groups in consultations of health centers.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2954

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829552955ENDepartment of Anesthesiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090204Introduction: Pulse oxymetry has been used as a standard and assential perioperative and intensive care unit Monitoring. this device also displays a particular pulse wave known as finger plethysmography. In a previous study the effects of minimal blood volume reduction on the appearance of plethysmogram have been evaluated as a change in delta - down component of this wave and in this way they concluded that the pulse oxymetric plethysmography can be used as an indicator of hypovolemia. Although in that study the blood pressure remained unchanged, however hypovolemia may be associated with some degree of hypotension. The hypotension perse may be due to different factors including hypovolemia, pump problems, vasodilation etc. Since the effects of hypotension on plethysmogram have not been described clearly, the value of delta-down changes for detection of hypovolemia can not be ascertained definitely. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of hypotension on indices pulse oxymetric plethysmography on a sample of adult patients undergoing general Anesthesia with controlled hypotension. Method & Materials: Thirty three ASAI adult patients eschaduled electively for mastoidectomy requiring Induced hypotension to a mean blood pressure of 60 mmHg with sodium Nitroprosside infusion were included in the study. Various indices of plethysmogram were correlated to different levels of blood pressure using linear regression analysis. Results: Delta-down and VSV of plethysmogram were correlated significantly with systoloc blood pressure. Other Indices were not correlated with blood pressure. Discussion: In this study the effect of hypotension on pulse oxymetric plethysmography has been evaluated with the result similar to the effects of hypovolemia on the plethysmogram. It can be concluded that in the presence of pharmacologic hypotension, coexisting hypovolemia can not be detected with the plethysmographic wave changes such as delta-down.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2955

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829562956EN2003092820090204Introduction: Today's, prisons are one of the cetain centers of HIV in allover the world. This matter must be seriously noticed that the most of the prisoners after a short time of jail return to the society. In fact, prisoners are notonly susceptible to exposure infection of HIV, but also they are a reservoir for beginning and development of the HIV in the society. The rate of HIV infection among the prisoners is higher of general population. This study is a quasi-experimental one. It has been aimed to evaluate The Effect of health education program on the AIDS preventive behaviors of prisoners aged under 25 years old (Ghezalhesar Prison-Tehran). Methods: A questionnaire was developed in four sections: demographic factors, knowledge, attitude and practice and it were used after taking reliability and validity. The level of KAP toward AIDS was practice and it was used after taking reliability and validity. The level of KAP toward AIDS was evaluated first by using a questionnaire (pretest). The educational needs were recognized, and then the educational plan was designed. Educational methods in this study were lecturing group discussion, fact to face, answer question, poster, leaflet, pamphlet and video film. Results: After 2 month performing educational program, KAP determined (posttest) and then compared with pretest information. Collected data analyzed by parametric and non-paramedic statistic tests. The results of the study show that 22% of prisoners in prison had Druge Injection, 8% of them had sexual intercourse, 38% of them had A Razor shared and 60% of them had tattooed. Also 82% of prisoners were in using syring for drugs and 48% were witness for sexual intercourse of other prisoners. Analysis of the data, before and after the educational program showed that is significant difference between knowledge, attitude and practice. The results of the study indicated that health education program has effected on increase of KAP. Discussion: The others showed, there is significant relation between demographical educational variable and prisoner's knowledge and Attitude. But there are not significant relation between condemnation period with prisoner's Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviors.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2956

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829572957ENDepartment of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran2003092820090204Introduction: A high leve of skill & knowledge is required in circumstances of cardiopulmonary resucitation which represents the most urgent clinical situations. The difficulties for pediatric residents who are fronted with the most cases of pediatric & neonatal resucitation are due to different causes of cardiorespiratory arrest in camparison to adults. This study aimed to assess the knowledge & their personal attitude toward the neonatal & pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitatin. Methods: By cross - sectional multicenter study between the pediatric residents who were studied in the teaching hospitals in Tehran (1378-90). Data were gathered among 140 residents by self-completed questionnaires which were included three parts as. demographic information assessment of their attitude by summation of score via ranking list questions and total score from assessment to their knowledge by different scenarios which were formatted in the multiple choice questions. Results: 35.7% of the residents studied in the first year of residency 35.0% in the second year and the remainder (29/3%) in the third year More than 90% of them considered their knowledge about neonatal and pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation low & less than average. Net only 80% of the residents self - assessed their actual ability about this issue low but also declaired the insufficient education during the medical training. The total score of knowledge assessment was 14.7 + 1_0.54 from 30 without any significant relations among the residents in different hospitals or various levels of pediatric residency. (P value= 0.1 , 0.7) There was not significant correlation between the total score from their attitude & their knowledge. Conclusion: Pediatric residents as the key personnel in the management of cardiopulmonary resuscitation of the neonates and children should have enough knowledge and skills about this topic. This survey demonstrates a low level of the pediatric & neonatal resuscitation knowledge among the residents pediatrics. The effectiveness of regular training improving the situation of pediatric resusciton should considered in the of the medical education.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2957

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829582958ENAlzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Iran2003092820090204Introduction: Congenital anomalies are a wide category of congenital diseases that have non Genetically cause in about 20 percent of cases. Environmental and teratogenic factors during pregnancy period have main role in these events. Any information a bout the risk distribution of these factors in community is useful and important for health qualifying. Methods: In a case-control study, 500 neonates suffered from congenital anomalies were compared to 2000 healthy neonates matched to cases. Data was collected via a questionnaire completed by interview to neonates mothers. Drug history, vaginal bleeding, X-ray exposure, any infectious disease or febrile status and exposure to trauma during pregnancy, history of familiar marriage and positive family history for congenital anomalies were collected. Data was documented in some doubtful matter by referring to medical documents. Odd's ratio was estimated for every risk factor. Results: Familial marriage was 40.2 percent in cases and 21.2 percent in control group (OR=2. 5). History of vaginal bleeding positive drug history, any febrile status and positive history of trauma in cases group was 10.6, 24.3, 14.7 and 10 percent, respectively. These events were reported in control group about 3.5, 4.7, 1.9 and 1 percent, respectively. Odd's ratios were estimated 3.2, 6.5, 8.9, 10.1 for these four subjects, respectively. Positive family history was reported in 23.3 percent of cases to comparison to control group 3.9 percent (OR=7.5). Discussion: It seems that congenital anomalies in our community need more attention about their risk factors control. Health education and primary prevention have a major role in this subject.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2958

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829642964ENEndocrine Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University, of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090205ntroduction: In this study, the effect of stress management training on glycemic control has been investigated in type 1 diabetic patients. Methods: The participants were 60 type 1 diabetic patients (Aged 16-30). 30 Subjects attended in 3-month stress management training classes during which the prescribed insulin remained constant, but the other 30 one's did not. HbA1c from all patients were measured before and after the intervention. Besides, in order to assess the ways of coping, a questionnaire was completed by every patient and the scores were compared between two groups. Results: Trained patients showed significantly improved ways of coping. HbA1c changed from 11.7 &plusmn; 2.9 and 10.9&plusmn;2.1 before training to 8.5 &plusmn; 1.7 and 10.3&plusmn;2.1 after intervention in trained and control groups respectively and the changes were significant in case group (p = 0.000). In addition, the difference between HbA1c of two groups was statistically significant at the end of the study ( p = 0.001). Discussion: Results show a clinically significant beneficial effect of stress management training on glycemic control among type 1 diabetic patients. It is recommended to consider this type of trainings an addition to the treatment program in type 1 diabetic patients.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2964

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829662966ENCARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH CENTER, SCHOOL OF HEALTH, ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH SERVICES, ISFAHAN, IRAN2003092820090205Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine diseases spreading rapidly in the world. Diabetes complications are classified to acute and chronic. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of all body proteins, such as hemoglobin, albumin is the main cause of pathogenesis in chronic complications of diabetes. As glycosylation reaction of proteins is an oxidative reaction it seems that antioxidants, such as vitamin C, inhibit the reaction and, therefore, chronic complications of diabetes. In the present study inhibitory effects of polyphenolic extracts of Betula pendula, Saliva hydrangea and Crataegus curvisepala, as well as vitamin C, on the extent of glycosylation of albumin, insulin and hemoglobin was investigated. Methods: Polyphenolic extracts of the mentioned plants were prepared in three different concentrations; 3.6, 1.8, and 0.9 mg/ml also vitamin C solutions were prepared in 5 concentrations: 0.5, 5, 10, 50 and 500 &micro;g/ml. Results: The highest extent of glycosylation inhibition of albumin and insulin was due to S.hydrangea by 100% and 97% respectively, and that of hemoglobin was due to a.pendula, by 80%. Vitamin C in its highest concentration inhibit glycosylation of insulin, albumin and hemoglobin by 100%, 93%, and 58% respectively (P < 0.05). Discussion: Based on the findings, it seems that these plants prevent chronic complications of diabetes.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2966

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829682968ENDepartment of Urology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090205Introduction: Use of urodynamic test in men with lower urinartract symptoms in the absence of any abnormality on rutine urologic evaluation (i.e, physical exam, urine analysis, radiologic and endoscopic investigations). Detection of these disorders can therefore load to proper treatment of patients who received in appropriate therapy. We studied the relative frequency of neurogenic disorders on urodynamic testing of young men with lower urinary tract symptoms and normal routine urologic evaluation. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study by consecutive sampling of 150 male patients 20 to 40 years old with lower urinary tract symptoms and normal finding on routine urologic evaluations. Urodynamic studies (uroflowmetry, cystometry and pressure- flow study) were performed after; interview; Physical exames, neurourologic evaluation and a review of previous laboratory and radiologic studies. Statistical analysis with Chi-square and Fisher's exact test was performed using SPSS software. Results: Neurogenic disorders were in 42 (28%) patients. Abnormal urodynamic finding were observed in 82 (54.7%) patients (P = 0.001). Abnormal urodynamic finding were most commonly related to the urethra (40 patients, 48.8% P < 0.110).The frequency of abnormal urodnamic findings increased with increasing age (P = 0.001). Abnormal urodynamic findings were more common in married as compared to single patients (63.8% versus 44.3%; P < 0.001). The abnormal urodyniamic findings were more than in patients with history of urinary tract infection or a history of abdominal operation. Discussion: Neurogenic disorders were detected in ore than a quarter of young males with lower urinary tract symptoms and a normal routine urologic evaluation. Therefore, urodynamic tests can help in well management of patients with theirs low cost.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2968

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829692969ENSchool of Management, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health senesces, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090205Introduction: The undesirable use of available resources, shortage of resources, and increasing expenses of health care services, demonstrate the need for performing studies on the productivity of health care organizations and implementing the new management techniques in these organizations. Methods: The objective of this research is to investigate the role of participative management (Suggestion system) in shahid fayazbakhsh hospital effectiveness and efficiency. The study population composed of all the employees of hospital (869 persons). The data was collected through the distribution of suggestion forms among the employees of the hospital. Results: 1- The percentage of bed occupancy in 2000 has declined by 1.57 % in comparison with of 1999. 2- The average length of patient stay in 2000 has declined by 7.13 % in comparison with of 1999. 3- The bed turnover rate in 2000 has increased by 5.64 % in comparison with of 1999. 4- The bed turnover interval rate in 2000 has declined by 5.56 % in comparison with of 1999. 5- The patient satisfaction rate in 2000 has increased by 11.6 % in comparison with of 1999. Discussion: The application of suggestion system could significantly increase effectiveness and efficiency of hospital performance.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2969

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829702970ENDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences and health services, Isfahan2003092820090205Social, economic, cultural and emotional dimensios have relation to human and his health. In addition to diagnosis and treatment we must plan for health of these dimensions. Patients must to be supported for economic, informative, emotional, familial problems and care at home. With attention to the benefits of social working for answering these needs both as a religious function and in the treatment course of patients we need a correct and effective plan and now we need a primary evaluation. So in this research the social working needs of patients will evaluate from their related sights. This study was down on 380 patients that refer to Isfahan educational hospitals randomly (inpationtand outpatient). Collection of data are based on questionnaire and its content validity improved by pilot study (a=0/76). Input of information and analysis of them were down with SPSS. The severe economical needs were %19/5%, moderate %38/2, severe familial-emotional needs were 0/059,moderate %27/6, severe informational needs 37/1%, moderate %39/2 and severe home care needs %31/3, moderate %36/3. In home care needs, patients fewer than 20 years and more than 65 years had more sever needs. Widow's women had economic (46%) and home care (41/2%) needs more than others. The greater needs for social working especially familial-emotional in patients coming to educational hospitals are a duty for us related to people and directors. In addition to low economic group tendency to these hospitals other are probably destructiveness in our economy, imposed war, low attention to susceptible groups to hardship in health plans, low ability of personnel and social workers and defects in insurance services. With promotion of patient social working we can promote their health.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2970

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829722972ENDepartment of Anesthesiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health services, Isfahan, Iran2003092820090205Introduction: Pulse oxymetry has been used as a standard and assential perioperative and intensive care unit Monitoring. this device also displays a particular pulse wave known as finger plethysmography. In a previous study the effects of minimal blood volume reduction on the appearance of plethysmogram have been evaluated as a change in delta - down component of this wave and in this way they concluded that the pulse oxymetric plethysmography can be used as an indicator of hypovolemia. Although in that study the blood pressure remained unchanged, however hypovolemia may be associated with some degree of hypotension. The hypotension perse may be due to different factors including hypovolemia, pump problems, vasodilation etc. Since the effects of hypotension on plethysmogram have not been described clearly, the value of delta-down changes for detection of hypovolemia can not be ascertained definitely. This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of hypotension on indices pulse oxymetric plethysmography on a sample of adult patients undergoing general Anesthesia with controlled hypotension. Method & Materials: Thirty three ASAI adult patients eschaduled electively for mastoidectomy requiring Induced hypotension to a mean blood pressure of 60 mmHg with sodium Nitroprosside infusion were included in the study. Various indices of plethysmogram were correlated to different levels of blood pressure using linear regression analysis. Results: Delta-down and VSV of plethysmogram were correlated significantly with systoloc blood pressure. Other Indices were not correlated with blood pressure. Discussion: In this study the effect of hypotension on pulse oxymetric plethysmography has been evaluated with the result similar to the effects of hypovolemia on the plethysmogram. It can be concluded that in the presence of pharmacologic hypotension, coexisting hypovolemia can not be detected with the plethysmographic wave changes such as delta-down.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2972

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829742974EN2003092820090205Introduction: Caries is a factor of teeth missing and its prevalence and also its expenditure are very light in Iran. Treatment ways need a lot of time, but they have little success, so it is important to prevent caries. Now if we want to have a successful model, having person's statistics is important and useful for our Research purposes. This research was done to detect caries free prevalence in students twelve year of age in Izeh city and it contained 2groups of girls and boys. It was done to indicate the connection between caries free prevalence and individual oral hygiene with brushing times, numbers during 24 hours. Methods: This research is a kind of epidemiological and descriptive study. It was done in Izeh city in 78-79 educational years. Its only document, was selection the 12 years old students. Informations collected by clinical inspections and interrogatory J method Sample volume was 400 students according to this formula N=Z2(1-p)/ d2. We use Chi-square statistics test and also its soft disk (SPSS) or statitistics program was about social science. Conclusion: Caries free prevalence within the whole sample was 16.5%and it was 17.5% within the girls and 15-5% within boys. According to brushing times numbers, 25% brushed once a day, 47% brushed twice and 5.5% brushed three time a day and 22.5% never brushed their teeth. Discussin and conclusion: According to the obtained dates, caries prevalence related to sex difference was meaningless and they had no connection with each other there was a meaningful connection between brushing times, numbers and oral hygiene situation which caries free developed by increasing anyone of them.http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2974

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences1735-1995832003092829752975ENIran University of Medical Sciences2003092820090205Medline is one of the valuable sources of medical information on internet. Medline is an electronic index in which retrieval of about 11,000,000 documents from 4300 medical journals in 30 languages is possible and on the average 8000 documents are being added to it every week (1). Now, free access to Medline is possible in more than 50 sites (2-3). The quality of searching, strategy of searching and considered limitations in searching, and the interval of up-dating vary from site. In regard to these differences, researchers are faced with this question that which sites of Medline can provide more accurate and faster information. Among different free sites of Medline, five sites of BioMed Net, Dimidi, infotrieve, GratefulMed and Plumbed are the most famous ones (4-6). In the present study two indices of retrieval and precision that are more important in the evaluation of sites have been investigated. Retrieval is the number of searched documents a part from the relation of document with subject (3-5). As previous studies have proved the effect of searching language on retrieval and precision (3-6), in this study searching was performed by natural language and control vocabulary searching. This cross-sectional study was carried out on five famous free sites of Medline on 2000. To evaluate these sites, retrieval and precision were determined and in order to control the probable effect of searching language evaluation was done by two natural language and control vocabulary searching. 36 researchers referring to the research information in Medline were selected and each of their re-question subjects (36 subjects) were searched in the five understudied sites once by the key words suggested by the researchers (natural language searching) and once by the key words determined based on subject (control vocabulary searching). The period of the searching was from 1990 to 2000. In control vocabulary searching, key words of researching subject were determined by using Mesh page in PubMed. Then searched documents were evaluated for their relation to the aimed subjects. Precision was calculated by dividing the number of related documents to the total searched documents. Data analysis was done by using paired Hest and Repeated ANOVA in SPSS soft ware. Evaluation of Researchers of Searched Documents in five Understudied Sites was shown in table. Based on the results of this study in both natural language and control vocabulary searching there was no significant difference among the five understudied sites in regard to the retrieval and precision. These results are in line with the results of Bonham (1988) study (3). Retrieval and precision of all five sites were significantly higher in nature language searching in comparison to control vocabulary searching (P < 0/05).http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/2975